A joint survey by Epoch AI and Ipsos of 2,000 American adults found that 20% of full-time employees reported that artificial intelligence was already performing tasks that had previously been their responsibility. Another 15% said that technology added new responsibilities that they would not have had without AI. At the same time, the crowding out of human labor has so far outpaced its complement - that is, reducing work for people is faster than AI tools are increasing productivity.

The AI policy expert, Nicholas Miaye, described the ongoing real-time market restructuring, warning that governments have less time to regulate it. In parallel, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago economists are already revising labor-market models to take into account the impact of neural networks. However, the scale of real change remains a matter of debate.

Skeptics point to failed examples of total automation: the Swedish fintech company Klarna was forced to return dismissed employees 11 months after replacing their AI.